By Zencalcy Editorial TeamLast reviewed About us
Donuts, rings, and inner tubes: V = 2π²Rr² where R is the major radius (centre to tube centre) and r is the minor radius (tube thickness).
V = 2π²Rr² — enter dimensions, get the result with steps.
V = 2π²Rr²
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| R | Major radius (> 0) |
| r | Minor radius (> 0, < R) |
R = 10, r = 2 → V = 2π² × 10 × 4 = 80π² ≈ 789.5684.
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R: hole-centre to tube-centre. r: tube-centre to tube surface. Ring tori need r < R.
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Content updated: September 2026