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u·v = u₁v₁ + u₂v₂ (+ u₃v₃): a single scalar revealing alignment — positive (same way), zero (perpendicular), negative (opposed).
Scalar alignment measure of two 2D/3D vectors, worked.
u·v = Σ uᵢvᵢ = |u||v|cos θ
| Symbol | Meaning |
|---|---|
| u·v | Scalar (number, not vector) |
(1,2)·(3,4) = 3 + 8 = 11. (1,0)·(0,1) = 0 → perpendicular.
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Scalar — a plain number. (The cross product returns a vector.)
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Content updated: September 2026